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Before you start, you should understand the definition of social media first. Indeed, newspaper advertising isn't yet dead. The times may be dire in 2012, however, you can be sure that online marketing has still much potential to reach. This video demonstrates to you where you should have the plugin and how you can get up and running.
SmartErrors powered by CloudflarePrivacy policy. If they http://www.careerbuilder.com/jobs-marketing are already in an opportunity, then they do not want to hear about another opportunity. articledashboard.
By: Clair Bennet. In short, almost all of the Internet's resources are increasingly being used in this brand of marketing. Also in this global economy, it is not merely businesses inside the UK that you've to become worried about, there are businesses over the world that will like nothing a lot better than to adopt you customers from you.
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It is believed i7 group plan de compensacion that in future, most people will purchase anything from their social network profiles. No matter how easy the task of social networking appears being it just isn't in reality. For tips and advice to help you get the best Website Marketing Video strategies, go to his blog: Wealth Success Ventures. No matter how easy the task of social networking appears to become it isn't in reality. and it requires only a short while a day.
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5 video marketing tips which will establish you apart of your stuff competition:. In this way, the pricing is not affected too much inside a bid to allow for a sizable quantity of consumers. Except I question myself and wonder if I can still produce the energy, I think its a few just going red light, "record" and leaning into it, but I need to build motivation and this is a few hunkering down and saying, well, no more shitty gigs, no more young dickheads, no more hate around the scene, it flies throughout me.
Character Name: Dirk Squarejaw
. Hardly pleasant, of course. Running time: 497 seconds.
Another https://www.thebalance.com/marketing-4073995 popular human branding method i s cautery branding that involves the use of the medical cautery pen, which is a handheld and battery-operated tool effective for fine-line branding. Average people around the globe are joining iMMACC. A great method i7 group plan de compensacion to advertise your site is through your signature file and writing quality content helps establish credibility. The unrestricted reach of the digital media beats the limited among analog media. Prompt Response.
When creating video clips to advertise services and products online remember to not make them overly promotional, put the URL inside the video and description field, and also provide your viewers reasons to see your site. marketingtitan. He continues to be inside the print promotional field for 8 years and obtained a Bachelors Degree in English/Journalism from Western Illinois University in 2000. Always remember, the greater you must do for others the more it will keep co ming back to you.
VIENNA - The building where Adolf Hitler was born may be spared demolition, but emerge heavily disguised.
On Monday, Austria's interior minister, Wolfgang Sobotka, told the daily Die Presse that "the Hitler house will be torn down."
On Tuesday, he told reporters that the term "torn down" is debatable but the building, in the western town of Braunau, will be so thoroughly redesigned that it "will not be recognizable."
The "house," a large, three-story Renaissance-era structure, contains the apartment where Hitler was born.
Several members of a government-appointed commission on the future of the house said destroying it to end its attraction for admirers of the Nazi dictator would give an impression of trying erase part of Austria's history.
Earlier, Sobotka had said that "a thorough architectural remodeling is necessary to permanently prevent th e recognition and the symbolism of the building."
The government this year launched formal legal procedures to dispossess the home's owner after she had repeatedly refused to sell the building or to allow renovations that would reduce its symbolic impact as Hitler's birthplace - and its draw for admirers of the Fuhrer.
Vienna's Jewish community and a government-supported anti-Nazi research center support tearing down the imposing three-story yellow house, where Hitler was born on April 20, 1889.
A house in nearby Leonding, where Hitler lived as a teenager, is now used to store coffins for the town cemetery. There, the tombstone marking the grave of Hitler's parents, another pilgrimage site for neo-Nazis, was removed last year at the request of a descendant.
A school that Hitler attended in Fischlham, also near Braunau, displays a plaque condemning his crimes against https://www.houzz.com/ humanity.
The underground bunker in Berlin where Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945, was demolished and the site left vacant until the East German government built an apartment complex around it in the late 1980s.
The apartments overlook the German capital's monument to victims of the Holocaust.
2016 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. The Associated Press contributed to this report.
(CNN) -- High-rise gardens are on the rise, climbing faster than wisteria atop the latest apartment blocks and luxury hotels.
But most of these developments are private, leaving them accessible only to the well connected.
Hopes for a public paradise in the skies were raised by the "Walkie Talkie" Sky Garden in London, which made headlines when it opened the "highest roof garden in Europe" earlier this year.
Sadly, the viewing platform is more rockery than sky park, albeit one with a fantastic vantage point 560 feet (170 meters) above the city.
For true urban jungle experiences that'll oxygenate your soul, here are 10 other leafy green sky gardens:
1. ACROS (Fukuoka, Japan)
Rising like an overgrown Inca pyramid out of downtown Fukuoka, the 14-story ACROS building was designed by Argentine architect Emilio Ambasz.
Each level reveals natural wonders normally found in the forest, from glossy ponds to waterfalls.
The entire projec t contains more than 50,000 plants and trees.
On the way to the top visitors pass through a vast atrium, which extends into a semicircle of glass paneling. Inside are exhibition spaces, shops, offices and a symphony hall.
ACROS Fukuoka, 1-1-1 Tenjin, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, Japan; +81 092 725 9111; opening times vary, typically 9 a.m.-6 p.m., weekends and holidays 10 a.m.-4 p.m.
2. Rockefeller Center Roof Gardens (New York)
The gardens offer views over Fifth Avenue and St. Patrick's Cathedral.
Though this one isn't regularly open to the public, we couldn't leave it off the list given it's the urban gardens archetype, inspiring properties like Kensington on London and Oakland's Kaiser to follow suit.
Instantly recognizable thanks to movies like "Spiderman" (2002) and "Fantastic Four" (2005), the Rockefeller Center Sprinkler Installation Flower Mound Roof Gardens opened in 1935 and include five terraces designed by pioneering landscape architect Ralph Hancock.
The entire project took two years to complete and included 3,000 tons of earth, 500 tons of bricks, 100 tons of stone, 2,000 trees and shrubs.
The Rockefeller Center Roof Gardens are occasionally added to the Open House New York weekend -- worth keeping an eye out for if you're in New York October 17 and 18.
Visitors ascend gradually, picking a path through rock falls and thickets, over streams and under waterfalls, mindful of the cliffs that fall into the canyon below.
At the summit they take in the view -- and that's when it all comes flooding back.
There are no mo untain ranges, no rivers or plunging valleys -- this is Namba Parks, a shopping mall in the middle of Osaka, Japan's second largest city.
Designed by iconic American architect Jon Jerde and completed in 2003, this multi-story pasture camouflages glittering boutiques where fashionable citizens come to graze and ramble.
Industrialist Edgar Kaiser actually did put the "park" into car park -- or, more accurately, on top of it.
The Oakland, California, native was so enamored with Rockefeller's rooftop backyard in New York that he built an enormous 14,100-square-meter green roof above his own eponymous headquarters in the 1960s.
More Central Park than car park, its "water feature" is really a small lake with fountains and a wooden bridge.
L awns spread out from the water's edge to the tree-lined borders, making it large enough for a game of five-a-side.
Better still, anyone can visit -- just press "RG" in one of the parking garage elevators.
Kaiser Roof Garden, 300 Lakeside Drive, Oakland, California; +1 510 834 3575; open Monday-Friday, 8 a.m.-5 p.m.
5. Kensington Roof Gardens (London)
The Spanish garden is one of three themed areas on the London rooftop.
This palatial green terrace in London's Kensington district is the Downton Abbey of roof gardens.
Created by Welsh landscape designer Ralph Hancock from 1936-1938, this 6,000-square-meter space is filled with fountains, fronds of palm and fern, flowers and even flamingos.
Hancock imported rock from Pennsylvania and planted 500 species of plants to fill the gardens' three themed spaces -- Spanish, Tudor and English.
Seven of the original trees survive to this day.
Kensington Roof Gardens, 99 Kensington High St., London; +44 0207 937 7994; tours are free but it's worth calling ahead to book as the gardens are often rented out for private events
6. High Line Park (New York)
Commuting up the West Side of Manhattan has never been easier -- it's literally a stroll in the park thanks to the High Line.
The aerial greenway runs along a section of the New York West Line railroad, repurposed in 2006, and carries walkers and joggers 1.5 miles (2.3 kilometers) from the Meatpacking District, across Chelsea, to the West Side Yard.
The park pays homage to the wild flora that colonized the line after it was abandoned in the 1980s. There are sun loungers, meadows, trickling brooks and cinematic views of the Hudson River.
High Line Park, New York; +1 212 500 6035; open daily 7 a.m.-7 p.m. in winter, 7 a.m.-11 p.m. in summer
7. Barbican Conservatory (London)
The Barbican in London is home to Europe's largest arts center, its concert hall, theaters and galleries renowned for showcasing the best in contemporary culture.
Less well known, even to regulars, is the enormous conservatory on the roof. Split over two levels, it's the second largest glasshouse in London, after Kew Gardens, and a sanctuary to more than 2,000 varieties of tropical plants and exotic residents like terrapins and koi carp.
Barbican Conservatory, Silk Street, London; +44 20 7638 4141; open every Sunday and on Sprinkler System Installation bank holidays, 11 a.m.-5 p.m., entry is free
8. Waldspirale (Darmstadt, Germany)
There's nothing conventional about Waldspirale.
Roof gardens are, by their nature, different. Few, however, stand out like the Waldspirale in Darmstadt, Germany.
Completed in 2000, the apartment building and its roof terrace were the final flourish in the career of one of Austria's most famous artists, Friedensreich Hundertwasser, a man who believed straight lines were the "Devil's tools."
True to form, his Waldspirale ("forest circle") shuns conventional architecture. This U-shaped ramp of a building is topped with shrubs, grasses and "tree tenants" (as Hundertwasser called them) as it spirals 12 floors to a cafe where visitors can sip weissbier and admire the peculiar surroundings.
We've all heard of garden cities, but what about a "city in a garden"? That's precisely what Singapore has pledged to become. With the opening of Gardens by the Bay in 2012, it's not far off.
A kind of horticultural theme park, Gardens by the Bay's premier attraction is Cloud Forest, one of two enormous conservatories that dominate the edge of Singapore's Marina Reservoir.
Encased within is a 35-meter-tall tower of exotic vegetation, shrouded in mist, and the world's highest indoor waterfall.
Visitors take an elevator to the edge of the falls before descending via walkways through nine zones of tropical habitat. Surrounding the forest structure is a grove of Supertrees -- 50-meter-high, alien-looking towers that also have high walks suspended between them for treetop views of the gardens.
Gardens by the Bay, 18 Marina Gardens Drive, Singapore; +65 6420 6848; open daily 5 a.m.-2 a.m., free entry; to book tickets for Cloud Fore st visit gardensbythebay.com; open daily, 9 a.m.-9 p.m.
10. Torre Guinigi (Lucca, Italy)
Despite being the home of opera composer Puccini, Lucca is the unsung star of Tuscan cities, overshadowed by the Renaissance majesty of Florence and the Palio perfection of medieval Siena.
But when it comes to gardens, the others can't compete.
Lucca's centerpiece is the Torre Guinigi, instantly recognizable for its crown of holm oaks, planted as a statement of nobility by the Guinigi family in the late 1300s.
Today the surviving canopy provides shade from the Mediterranean sun, particularly welcome after the prodigious climb to get there.
Torre Guinigi, Via S. Andrea, Lucca, Italy; +39 0583 583086; open 9:30 a.m.-4:30 a.m. year round; tower tickets cost 4 euros
Stop Zika: San Francisco Plant (Codiaeum variegatum) Kills Mosquito Eggs and LarvaeWouldn't you know it, a teen has found a way to kill mosquito eggs and larvae within 24 hours by using a common plant. What's more, the San Francisco plant (aka Codiaeum variegatum aka Garden Croton or Variegated Croton) is super easy to grow Sprinkler Sprinkler Installation Fort Worth Installation Fort Worth indoors and outdoors. It requires hardly any care. I even included a handy make-your-own plant extract recipe to kill mosquito eggs and larvae in and around your own home. Fortunately, on Zazzle, this plant is available for purchase from a reputable, customer-support based company (so I included it within this article).
So, it is understandable that the idea of snorting, squirting or pouring a salt water solution up the nose on purpose might be regarded with suspicion.
"You squeeze [water] in one nostril and out the other. It's freaky," said Dr. Donald Levy, medical director at the Osher Clinical Center for Complementary and Integrative Medical Therapies at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. "But you're letting the body find a way to heal itself with minimal intervention."
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Nasal irrigation, sometimes called a nasal rinse or, if you want to be posh, nasal lavage, can ease sinus-related problems, from the common cold to allergies. While there are several methods of getting the water up there in the first place, the general process involves water going up the nose and out again in order https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ox7DicTda0I to flush out mucous, allergens and germs to ease sinus-related problems, from the common cold to allergies.
The simplest way t o irrigate might be to sniff the water up from a cupped hand, while a nebulizer, which creates a fine mist that one breathes in to clear out the nasal passages, would be more complicated.
Ultimately, the method of nasal irrigation used depends on what people find works best to manage their symptoms, though there have been studies that show some methods are more effective than others.
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A 2002 study published in the journal The Laryngoscope used a dyed solution laced with traceable markers to compare three methods of nasal irrigation to determine how much solution traveled through the nasal passages and where the solution went. Irrigation techniques that allowed more water to reach further into the nasal passages were deemed most effective.
The only technique that did not pass muster was the nebulizer, according to the study, because the vapor remains in the fleshy part of the nose and is ineffective at irrigating the nasal passages.
Visit the On Call+ Cold & Flu Center
The following are videos of three different nasal irrigation methods. With expert comments, see which method comes out on top and which one goes down the drain.
Technique #1: Syringe
Robyn Curhan, 43, found relief from the pain and pressure in her sinuses by using a syringe to do saline nasal irrigation.
Watch a video demonstrating nasal irrigation using a syringe.
Using syringes to do nasal irrigation is an example of positive pressure irrigation, in which pressure is applied to a liquid so that it travels up the nostrils. The Laryngoscope study found positive pressure to be most effective at distributing a lot of solution far into the nasal passages.
Flushing a large area of the nasal passages clears mucous buildup and irritating allergens, allowing fluids in the sinuses -- the large and small cavernous areas concentrated around the nose, behind the eyes and up into the forehead -- to drain freely through the nose.< br>
Clearing these regions helps prevent the pain and pressure that occur due to backed up sinus fluids during a cold or severe allergies.
But doctors urge caution when using syringes because they can spray water with force. And if water does not drain out through the nostrils, it drains through the throat.
"I worry that people would be too vigorous," said Dr. Roberta Lee, medical director at the Continuum Center for Health and Healing at Beth Israel Medical Center in New York. "People don't realize how delicate the tissues up there are."
To protect those tissues a little and remove some of the sting of the salt water, Haddon recommends adding a pinch of baking powder, as Curhan does, to lower the pH and buffer the solution.
Technique #2: Squeeze Bottle
Kellie Gentry, 28, relies on a nasal rinse with a squeeze bottle to keep her sinuses c lear, and it is a proven method.
"It gets to the sinuses as well as you're going to get," said Levy of the Osher Clinical Center. "To me the gut feeling is I'm now draining better. I feel less irritated."
Watch a video demonstrating nasal irrigation using a squeeze bottle.
Rinsing with squeeze bottles is a fast, cheap and easy way to clear nasal passages and reduce the effects of a cold or an allergy as well as the need for medications. Packs like Gentry's, complete with prepared salt mixes, are available at almost any drugstore or supermarket.
And squeeze bottles are another form of positive https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ox7DicTda0I pressure irrigation. The Laryngoscope study found that positive pressure irrigation is particularly effective at clearing the drainage areas for the ethmoid sinus regions by the bridge of the nose and the maxillary sinus regions on either side of the nose.
Neg ative pressure irrigation -- water sniffed up from a cupped hand -- was comparable to positive irrigation, according to the study, although it did not distribute the solution as evenly.
But saline nasal rinses can be uncomfortable unless you get the technique down.
Dr. Sezelle Gereau Haddon, assistant professor and clinical instructor of pediatric otolaryngology at Children's Hospital of New York, recommends a technique for using squeeze bottles that involves bending forward and panting "like a puppy" to keep the palate elevated and close off the back of the nose so the rinse water does not flow down the throat.
"All this gunk kind of comes out your nose," which clears out the area where many of the major sinus cavities drain, said Haddon.
And for those who are still wary of shooting water into the nose, Levy has some reassuring words:
"Water is not going to go into the brain, even if you try."
Technique #3: Neti Pot
Carrie Erwin, 26, tapped into a less modern but still effective technique to clear her nose.
Watch a video demonstrating nasal irrigation using a neti pot.
Though neti pots were not included in the 2002 study, they have long been used to manage sinus problems. Neti pots originated in Southeast Asia as an Ayurvedic cleansing technique. Traditional pots look like ceramic Aladdin lamps, squat with long, slender spouts that get pushed into the nostrils.
Tilting the head allows the water to flow into one nostril, travel up behind the nose into the nasopharynx and flow out the other nostril. Water that does not drain through the nose can be spit out through the mouth.
Irrigating with neti pots falls somewhere between positive and negative irrigation, Lee said, as a more passive way to cleanse the nasal passages.
But some may not find the "pouring" sensation combined with tilting the head comforting.
"Patients often feel like they're drowning," Haddon said.
The drowning sensation could be a matter of technique, but Haddon said that it was impossible to get her patients to comply with using it.
Still, there are reasons to try irrigating with neti pots if other methods do not work well.
"They're gentle, they're not under pressure," Lee said. "Simpler is better."
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Spring allergy season is here! Visit the ABCNews.com OnCall+ Allergy Center to get all your questions answered about pollen, allergic rhinits, sinusitis and more.
Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land, including:
living elements, such as flora Sprinkler Installation or fauna; or what is commonly called gardening, the art and craft of growing plants with a Sprinkler System goal of creating a beautiful environment within the landscape.
natural elements such as landforms, terrain shape and elevation, or bodies of water; and
abstract elements such as the weather and lighting conditions.
Landscaping requires expertise in horticulture and artistic design.
Contents
1 Understanding the land
2 Tools
3 See also
4 References
Understanding the land
Construction requires study and observation. It is not the same in different parts of the world. Landscaping varies according to different regions.[1] Therefore, normal ly local natural experts are recommended if it is done for the first time. Understanding of the site is one of the chief essentials for successful landscaping. Different natural features like terrain, topography, soil qualities, prevailing winds, depth of the frost line, and the system of native flora and fauna must be taken into account.[2] Sometimes the land is not fit for landscaping. In order to landscape it, the land must be reshaped. This reshaping of land is called grading.[2]
Removal of earth from the land is called cutting while when earth is added to the slope, it is called filling. Sometimes the grading process may involve removal of excessive waste (landfills), soil and rocks, so designers should take into account while in the planning stage.[3][4]
Tools
In the start, the landscaping contractor makes a letter which is a rough design and layout of what could be done with the land in order to achieve the desired outcome.[2] Different pencils are required to make graphics of the picture. Landscaping[5] has become more technological than natural, as few projects begin without bulldozers, lawnmowers, or chainsaws.[1] Different areas have different qualities of plants. Fertilizers are required for this purpose in excess amounts as natural landscaping is done. Some landscapers prefer to use mix gravel with rocks of varying sizes to add interest in large areas.[6]
See also
Aquascaping
Arboriculture
Ecoscaping
Horticulture
Landscape architecture
Landscape contracting< br> Landscape design
Landscape ecology
Landscape engineering
Landscape planning
Naturescaping
Sustainable landscaping
Terraforming
Xeriscaping
References
^ a b Natural Landscaping: Designing With Native Plant Communities - John Diekelmann, Robert M. Schuster - Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
^ a b c Landscaping Principles and Practices - Jack Ingels - Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. 2009-01-15. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
^ Landscaping - William Slack - Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
^ Taylor's Master Guide to Landscaping - Rita Buchanan - Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
^ John Smith. "Landscaping by landscape gardeners: Methods and Tactics". New Ways Landscaping Design. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
^ Sharon Cohoon and Jim McCausland. "How to Landscape Gravel - Page 2". Sunset.com. Archived from the original on March 19, 2 012. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
From unfamiliar visitors to pesky local wildlife, man's best friend would do anything Sprinkler System Installation to protect us from potential harm. Even if that potential harm comes in the form of a sprinkler.
Deep down we appreciate Sprinkler System Installation their steadfast and earnest guardianship, of course, but we can't help but laugh when these heroic pups are thwarted time and again by their elusive grass-watering enemies. So in celebration of our four-legged warriors, we searched for some of the funniest dog vs. sprinkler battles on the Web. Vote for your favorites below!
Your kitchen may hold remedies to some common garden and house plant problems.
Garden designer P. Allen Smith shared with us some solutions you can whip up in your kitchen. He says they're cheaper than commercial pesticides and much easier on the environment.
He also gave us his secret for promoting blooms on rose bushes, using another item you may have in your kitchen.
Smith says chemicals purchased at a garden center will kill anything in their path, and nothing you can make yourself will be as effective. However, by mixing up some common organic and cheap household products, Smith says you can take care of many types of bugs and fungus without hurting plants, pets, the environment or yourself.
Spray Those Plants
When getting rid of pests, Smith tries to use an approach that will have a low impact on the environment. This means he avoids chemicals whenever possible. The first defense he always tries is simply hitting the plant with a hard burst of water in hopes of knocking off bugs. If that doesn't work, he then sprays with the solutions listed above. Chemicals are always a last resort.
Before spraying, make sure the plant is well hydrated. If you are spraying houseplants, you may want to set the plant on a plastic bag. Early morning is the best time to spray, Smith says.
Home gardeners tend to make one big mistake when spraying plants: They often spray only across the top of the plant. Smith says it's essential to get under the leaves where most insects thrive.
Here are a few common pests and some remedies for them that Smith demonstrated on The Saturday Early Show:
Aphids: There are thousands of types of aphids - tiny pear-shaped insects that suck plant sap and weaken the plant. These pests are drawn to new growth and are typically found along stems or on the underside of leaves. Smith says they are quite "social" and are always found in clusters.
Plants infested wi th aphids will have curled and deformed leaves. You may also notice a sticky sap on the surface of the leaves.
Smith gave us this recipe for a solution that you can spray on a plant to help combat aphids:
Because the insects have a waxy coating designed to protect them from predators, they can be resistant to liquids and thus hard to get rid of, says Smith.
Smith's homem ade solution to combat these pests :
Mix together:
1 part rubbing alcohol
3 parts water
Smith suggests you test this solution on a small area of the plant and wait 24 hours before spraying the entire plant because some plants are sensitive to alcohol.
Black Spot: This is a fungus that attacks roses, particularly in humid weather or climate. Once leaves are damaged they can't repair themselves. But, Smith says, it is possible to prevent the problem from spreading by spraying the plant with the following solution:
Mix together:
1 teaspoon baking soda
1 tablespoon dormant oil
1/2 teaspoon insecticidal soap or dish soap
1 gallon of water
While baking soda is the essential element of this recipe, the oil helps it stick to the leaves and the soap helps distribute the oil particles, according to Smith. < br>Bananas and Roses
Smith says he always buries banana peels in the ground before planting his roses. The peels are loaded with potassium, phosphorus and magnesium, elements that contribute to vigorous growth. He suggests chopping up two or three peels and placing them in the hole before adding more compost and the plant. You can continue to add peels to the soil around the flower all summer long.
Coffee Grounds
According to Smith, those old, used coffee grounds actually are good for something. They can provide your soil with nitrogen. Sprinkled in your garden, the grounds act as a mild, slow-release fertilizer - similar to fallen leaves decomposing.
Smith suggests spreading the coffee grounds thinly because big clumps of wet grounds can get moldy. They are even more effective when composted first. Compost adds a great humus texture to the soil. Remember that not all plants like the acid in coffee grounds, but vegetables, azaleas and conifers are all good bets.
Egg Shells
Crushed egg shells add calcium to the soil, says Smith. You Sprinkler Installation Denton often hear of people putting lime (calcium carbonate) into their gardens, but egg shells also will work. Calcium is essential for cell growth in all plants, but growing plants quickly deplete the surrounding soil of calcium. Smith recommends washing the shells or composting them before placing them in the garden. Otherwise, you might attract unwanted animals to your yar d.
A garden is a planned space, usua lly outdoors, set aside for the display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The garden can incorporate both natural and man-made materials. The most common form today is known as a residential garden, but the term garden has traditionally been a more general one. Zoos, which display wild animals in simulated natural habitats, were formerly called zoological gardens.[1][2] Western gardens are almost universally based on plants, with garden often signifying a shortened form of botanical garden.
Some traditional types of eastern gardens, such as Zen gardens, use plants sparsely or not at all. Xeriscape gardens use local native plants that do not require irrigation or extensive use of other resources while still providing the benefits of a garden environment. Gardens may exhibit structural enhancements, sometimes called follies, including water features such as fountains, ponds (with or without fish), waterfalls or creeks, dry creek beds, statuary, ar bors, trellises and more.
Some gardens are for ornamental purposes only, while some gardens also produce food crops, sometimes in separate areas, or sometimes intermixed with the ornamental plants. Food-producing gardens are distinguished from farms by their smaller scale, more labor-intensive methods, and their purpose (enjoyment of a hobby rather than produce for sale). Flower gardens combine plants of different heights, colors, textures, and fragrances to create interest and delight the senses.
Gardening is the activity of growing and maintaining the garden. This work is done by an amateur or professional gardener. A gardener might also work in a non-garden setting, such as a park, a roadside embankment, or other public space. Landscape architecture is a related professional activity with landscape architects tending to specialise in design for public and corporate clients.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Garden design
3 Elements of a garden 4 Uses for the garden space
5 Types of gardens
6 Environmental impacts of gardens
7 Watering gardens
8 Wildlife in gardens
9 Climate change and gardens
10 In religion, art, and literature
11 Other similar spaces
12 See also
13 Notes
14 External links
Etymology
Nicosia municipal gardens, Cyprus
The etymology of the word gardening refers to enclosure: it is from Middle English gardin, from Anglo-French gardin, jardin, of Germanic origin; akin to Old High German gard, gart, an enclosure or compound, as in Stuttgart. See Grad (Slavic settlement) for more complete etymology.[3] The words yard, court, and Latin hortus (meaning "garden," hence horticulture and orchard), are cognates--all referring to an enclosed space.[4]
The term "garden" in British English refers to a small enclosed area of land, usually adjoining a building.[5] This would be referred to as a yard in American English.
Garden design
Main article: Garden design
Garden design is the creation of plans for the layout and planting of gardens and landscapes. Gardens may be designed by garden owners themselves, or by professionals. Professional gard en designers tend to be trained in principles of design and horticulture, and have a knowledge and experience of using plants. Some professional garden designers are also landscape architects, a more formal level of training that usually requires an advanced degree and often a state license.
Elements of garden design include the layout of hard landscape, such as paths, rockeries, walls, water features, sitting areas and decking, as well as the plants themselves, with consideration for their horticultural requirements, their season-to-season appearance, lifespan, growth habit, size, speed of growth, and combinations with other plants and landscape features. Consideration is also given to the maintenance needs of the garden, including the time or funds available for regular maintenance, which can affect the choices of plants regarding speed of growth, spreading or self-seeding of the plants, whether annual or perennial, and bloom-time, and many other characteristics. Garden des ign can be roughly divided into two groups, formal and naturalistic gardens.[6]
The most important consideration in any garden design is, how the garden will be used, followed closely by the desired stylistic genres, and the way the garden space will connect to the home or other structures in the surrounding areas. All of these considerations are subject to the limitations of the budget. Budget limitations can be addressed by a simpler garden style with fewer plants and less costly hardscape materials, seeds rather than sod for lawns, and plants that grow quickly; alternatively, garden owners may choose to create their garden over time, area by area.
Example of a garden attached to a place of worship: the cloister of the Abbey of Monreale, Sicily, Italy
The Sunken Garden of Butchart Gardens, Victoria, British Columbia
Gardens of Versailles (France)
The back garden of the Umaid Bhawan Palace in Jodhpur, India
Tropical garden in the Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore in Singapore
Flower-bed with the date in Lignano Sabbiadoro, Italy
Gardens at Colonial Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Virginia, feature many heirloom varieties of plants.
Shitenn?-ji Honbo Garden in Osaka, Osaka prefecture, Japan - an example of a zen garden.
Elements of a garden
Garden at the centre of intersection in Shanghai.
Naturalistic design of a Chinese garden incorporated into the landscape, including a pavilion
Garden with Fountains, Villa d'Este, Italy.
Most gardens consist of a mix of natural and constructed elements, although even very 'natural' gardens are always an inherently artificial creation. Natural elements present in a garden principally comprise flora (such as trees and weeds), fauna (such as arthropods and birds), soil, water, air and light. Constructed elements include paths, patios, decking, sculptures, drainage systems, lights and buildings (such as sheds, gazebos, pergolas and follies), but also living constructions such as flower beds, ponds and lawns.
Uses for the garden space
Partial view from the Botanical Garden of Curitiba (Southern Brazil): parterres, flowers, fountains, sculptures, greenhouses and tracks composes the place used for recreation and to study and protect the flora.
A garden can have aesthetic, functional, and recreational uses:
Cooperation with nature
Plant cultivation
Garden-based learning
Observation of nature
Bird- and insect-watching
Reflection on the changing seasons
Relaxation
Family dinners on the terrace
Children playing in the garden
Reading and relaxing in the hammock
Maintaining the flowerbeds
Pottering in the shed
Basking in warm sunshine
Escaping oppressive sunlight and heat
Growing useful produce
Flowers to cut and bring inside for indoor beauty
Fresh herbs and vegetables for cooking
Types of gardens
A typical Italian garden at Villa Garzoni, near Pistoia
Checkered garden in Tours, France
Zen garden, Ry?an-ji
French formal garden in the Loire Valley
Bristol Zoo, England
Castelo Branco, Portugal
Hualien, Taiwan
The Italian gardens of El Escorial, Spain
An ornamental garden in the Auburn Botanical Gardens, Sydney, Australia
Gardens may feature a particular plant or plant type(s);
Back garden
Bog garden
Cactus garden
Color garden
Fernery
Flower garden
Front yard
Kitchen garden
Mary garden
Orangery
Orchard
Rose garden
Shade garden
Vineyard
Wildflower garden
Winter garden
Gardens may feature a particular style or aesthetic:
Bonsai
Chinese garden
Dutch garden
English landscape garden
Gardens of the French Renaissance
French formal garden
French landscape garden
Italian Renaissance garden
Japanese garden
Knot garden
Korean garden
Mughal garden
Natural landscaping
Persian garden
Roman gardens
Spanish garden
Terrarium
Trial garden
Tropical garden
Water garden
Wild garden
Xeriscaping
Zen garden
Types of garden:
Botanical garden
Butterfly garden
Butterfly zoo
Chinampa
Cold frame garden
Community garden
Container garden
Cottage garden
Cutting garden
Forest garden
Garden con servatory
Green wall
Greenhouse
Hanging garden
Hydroponic garden
Market garden
Rain garden
Raised bed gardening
Residential garden
Roof garden
Sacred garden
Sensory garden
Square foot garden
Vertical garden
Walled garden
Windowbox
Zoological garden
Environmental impacts of gardens
Gardeners may cause environmental damage by the way they garden, or they may enhance their local environment. Damage by gardeners can include direct destruction of natural habitats when houses and gardens are created; indirect habitat destruction and damage to provide garden materials such as peat, rock for rock gardens, and by the use of tapwater to irrigate gardens; the death of living beings in the garden itself, such as the killing not only of slugs and snails but also their predators such as hedgehogs and song thrushes by metaldehyde slug killer; the death of living beings outs ide the garden, such as local species extinction by indiscriminate plant collectors; and climate change caused by greenhouse gases produced by gardening.
Watering gardens
Some gardeners manage their gardens without using any water from outside the garden, and therefore do not deprive wetland habitats of the water they need to survive. Examples in Britain include Ventnor Botanic Garden on the Isle of Wight, and parts of Beth Chatto's garden in Essex, Sticky Wicket garden in Dorset, and the Royal Horticultural Society's gardens at Harlow Carr and Hyde Hall. Rain gardens absorb rainfall falling onto nearby hard surfaces, rather than sending it into stormwater drains.[7] For irrigation, see rainwater, sprinkler system, drip irrigation, tap water, greywater, hand pump and watering can.
Wildlife in gardens
Chris Baines's classic book 'How to make a wildlife garden'[8] was first published in 1985, and is still a good source of advice on how to create and manage a wildlife garden.
Climate change and gardens
Climate change will have many impacts on gardens, most of them negative, and these are detailed in 'Gardening in the Global Greenhouse' by Richard Bisgrove and Paul Hadley.[9] Gardens also contribute to climate change. Greenhouse gases can be produced by gardeners in many ways. The three main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Gardeners produce carbon dioxide directly by overcultivating soil and destroying soil carbon, by burning garden 'waste' on bonfires, by using power tools which burn fossil fuel or use electricity generated by fossil fuels, and by using peat. Gardeners produce methane by compacting the soil and making it anaerobic, and by allowing their compost heaps to become compacted and anaerobic. Gardeners produce nitrous oxide by applying excess nitrogen fertiliser when plants are not actively growing so that the nitrogen in the fertiliser is converted by soil bacteria to nitrous oxi de. Gardeners can help to prevent climate change in many ways, including the use of trees, shrubs, ground cover plants and other perennial plants in their gardens, turning garden 'waste' into soil organic matter instead of burning it, keeping soil and compost heaps aerated, avoiding peat, switching from power tools to hand tools or changing their garden design so that power tools are not needed, and using nitrogen-fixing plants instead of nitrogen fertiliser.[10]
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera La finta giardiniera
Frances Hodgson Burnett's The Secret Garden
Elizabeth von Arnim's novels Elizabeth and Her German Garden and Solitary Summer
John Steinbeck's short-story The Chrysanthemums
John Berendt's novel Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil
In Daphne du Maurier's novel "Rebecca" the unnamed narrator discovers that her husband loves his house and garden at Manderley so much that he murdered his first wife, Rebecca, when she told him she was pregnant with somebody else's child and that the child would inherit Manderley.
Other similar spaces
Other outdoor spaces that are similar to gardens include:
A landscape is an outdoor space of a larger scale, natural or designed, usually unenclosed and considered from a distance.
A park is a planned outdoor space, usually enclosed ('imparked') and of a larger size. Public parks are for public use.
An arboretum is a planned outdoor space, usually large, for the display and study of trees.
A farm or orchard is for the production of food stuff.
A botanical garden is a type of garden where plants are grown both for scientific purposes and for the enjoyment and education of visitors.
A zoological garden, or zoo for short, is a place where wild animals are cared for and exhibited to the public.
A Kindergarten is a preschool educational institution for children and in the very sense of the word should have access or be part of a garden.
A Mnnergarten is a temporary day-care and activities space for men in German-speaking countries while their wives or girlfriends go shopping. Historically, the expression has also been used for gender-specific sections in lunatic asylums, monasteries http://www.sprinkler.com/ and clinics.[11]
See also
Around the World in 80 Gardens
B?gh
Baug
Bottle garden
Climate-friendly gardening
Community gardening
Garden centre
Garden tourism
Gardener
Gardening
Heritage Gardens in Australia
History of gardening
Hortus conclusus
List of botanical gardens
List of companion plants
List of gardens
Museu m of Garden History
National Public Gardens Day
Paradise, originally from an Iranian word meaning "enclosed," related to Garden of Eden
Verde Pulgar, a software application that assists with gardening
The Victory Garden TV series
Walled garden
Water garden
Notes
^ Garden history: philosophy and design, 2000 BC--2000 AD, Tom Turner. New York: Spon Press, 2005. ISBN 0-415-31748-7
^ The earth knows my name: food, culture, and sustainability in the gardens of ethnic Americans, Patricia Klindienst. Boston: Beacon Press, c2006. ISBN 0-8070-8562-6
^ "Etymology of the modern word gardin". Merriam Webster.
^ "Etymology of words referring to enclosures, probably from a Sanskrit stem. In German, for example, Stuttgart. The word is generic for compounds and walled cities, as in Stalingrad, and the Russian word for city, gorod. Gird and girdle are also related". Yourdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2010-02- 13.
^ The Compact Oxford English Dictionary
^ Chen, Gang (2010). Planting design illustrated (2nd ed.). Outskirts Press, Inc. p.3. ISBN978-1-4327-4197-6.
^ Dunnett and Clayden, Nigel and Andy (2007). Rain Gardens: Managing Water Sustainably in the Garden and Designed Landscape. Portland, Oregon, USA: Timber Press. ISBN978-0881928266.
^ Baines, Chris (2000). How to make a wildlife garden. London: Frances Lincoln. ISBN978-0711217119.
^ Bisgrove and Hadley, Richard and Paul (2002). Gardening in the Global Greenhouse: The impacts of climate change on gardens in the UK. Oxford: UK Climate Impacts Programme.
^ Ingram, Vince-Prue, and Gregory (editors), David S., Daphne, and Peter J. (2008). Science and the Garden: The scientific basis of horticultural practice. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN9781405160636.
^ See: Jakob Fischel, Prag's K. K. Irrenanstalt und ihr Wirken seit ihrem Entstehen bis incl. 1850. Erlangen: Enke, 1853, OCLC14844310 (in Germa n)
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